Mohini Bhardwaj, 2004 Summer Olympics medalist in gymnasticsīhicaji Balsara became the first known Indian to gain naturalized U.S. Many Indian men, especially Punjabi men, married Hispanic women, and Punjabi-Mexican marriages became a norm in the West. However, it was legal for "brown" races to mix. In some states, anti-miscegenation laws made it illegal for Indian men to marry white women. born children legally own the land that they worked on. However, Asian immigrants got around the system by having Anglo friends or their own U.S. In 1913, the Alien Land Act of California prevented non-citizens from owning land. Throughout the 1910s, American nativist organizations campaigned to end immigration from India, culminating in the passage of the Barred Zone Act in 1917. In the early 20th century, a range of state and federal laws restricted Indian immigration and the rights of Indian immigrants in the U.S. Although labeled Hindu, the majority of Indians were Sikh. officials pushing for Western imperial expansion abroad casting them as a "Hindu" menace. politics and culture in the early 20th century, Indians were also racialized for their anticolonialism, with U.S. While anti-Asian racism was embedded in U.S. for Indians and Sikhs, who were called " hindoos" by locals. The Bellingham riots in Bellingham, Washington on September 5, 1907, epitomized the low tolerance in the U.S. Some white Americans, resentful of economic competition and the arrival of people from different cultures, responded to Sikh immigration with racism and violent attacks. Sikh workers were later concentrated on the railroads and began migrating to California around 2,000 Indians were employed by the major rail lines such as Southern Pacific Railroad and Western Pacific Railroad between 19. states in the 1900s to work on the lumber mills of Bellingham and Everett, Washington. 20th century Įscaping racist attacks in Canada, Sikhs migrated to Pacific Coast U.S. Swami Vivekananda arriving in Chicago at the World's Fair led to the establishment of the Vedanta Society. The presence of Indian Americans also helped develop interest in Eastern religions in the US and would result in its influence on American philosophies such as Transcendentalism. At the same time, Canadian steamship companies, acting on behalf of Pacific coast employers, recruited Sikh farmers with economic opportunities in British Columbia. between 18.) Emigration from India was driven by difficulties facing Indian farmers, including the challenges posed by the colonial land tenure system for small landowners, and by drought and food shortages, which worsened in the 1890s. (At least one scholar has set the level lower, finding a total of 716 Indian immigrants to the U.S. By 1900, there were more than two thousand Indian Sikhs living in the United States, primarily in California. The first significant wave of Indian immigrants entered the United States in the 19th century. The first gurudwara was established in 1912 by the early immigrant Sikh farmers in Stockton, California. Indian Americans are included in the census grouping of " South Asian Americans", which includes Bangladeshi Americans, Bhutanese Americans, Nepalese Americans, Pakistani Americans, and Sri Lankan Americans. While "East Indian" remains in use, the term " South Asian" is often chosen instead for academic and governmental purposes. Since the 1980s, Indian Americans have been categorized as "Asian Indian" (within the broader subgroup of Asian American) by the United States Census Bureau. government has since coined the term "Native American" in reference to the indigenous people of the United States, but terms such as "American Indian" remain among indigenous as well as non-indigenous populations. Qualifying terms such as " American Indian" and " East Indian" were and still are commonly used in order to avoid ambiguity. In the Americas, the term "Indian" has historically been used for indigenous people since European colonization in the 15th century. Mindy Kaling American actress, comedian, writer, producer, and director.
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